Engineering

Joint test – Advanced (JEE-Advanced), at one time the Asian nationn Institutes of Technology-Joint test (IIT-JEE) is associate degree annual engineering school test in India. it's conducted by one in every of the seven zonal IITs (IIT Roorkee, IIT Kharagpur, IIT Delhi, IIT Kanpur, IIT Bombay, IIT Madras, and IIT Guwhati ) beneath steerage of the Joint Admission Board(JAB). it's used because the sole admission check by the twenty three Indian Institute of Technology (IITs). 

Alternative universities just like the Rajiv Gandhi Institute of crude oil Technology, Indian Institute of Science Education and analysis (IISERs), additionally the premier Indian Institute of Science (IISc) also use the score obtained in JEE Advanced because the basis for admission. Any student WHO takes admission to IITs cannot seem for the JEE-Advanced test within the next year, however constant isn't the case with IISc, IISER, RGIPT and alternative institutes as these institutes solely use JEE Advanced score for admission. The examination is unionized every year by one in every of the assorted IITs, on a spherical robin rotation pattern. it's a really low admission rate (about nine,369 in 479,651 in 2012;which is around one.95%) the present admission rate in 2017 is around zero.92% in IITs (about eleven,000 out of one,200,000 WHO applied for JEE Main) .It is recognised united of the toughest examinations within the world and is one in every of the foremost tough examinations of Asian nation to crack.

The first IIT, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, started in 1951. within the initial few years (1951-1954) students were admitted on the idea of their tutorial results followed by Associate in Nursing Interview in many Centers across the country. From 1955-1959 admission was via Associate in Nursing all Asian country examination control just for IIT Kharagpur (other IITs had not started by then). Branches were assigned through Interviews/counseling control at Kharagpur.[citation needed].
The common IIT-JEE was conducted for the primary time in 1960,[4][5] once it had four subjects as well as Associate in Nursing English paper. The examination since evolved significantly from its initial pattern. The IIT-JEE was at the start known as the Common test (CEE); its creation coincided therewith of the 1961 IIT Act.

History

• From 1978, English paper was stopped being taken under consideration for investigation the rank. From 1998, English communicating was fully stopped.
• In 1990, the screening paper was introduced. All the scholars had to qualify the screening paper to be eligible to qualify.
• In 1995, the screening paper was removed.
• In 1997, the IIT-JEE was conducted double when the question paper was leaked in some centers.
• Between 2000 and 2005, a further screening take a look at was used aboard the most examination, supposed to scale back pressure on the most examination by permitting solely regarding twenty,000 prime candidates to take a seat the paper, out of over 450,000 candidates.
• From 2002, a further communicating known as the AIEEE was introduced. All students had to qualify this communicating to be eligible to take a seat for JEE(Advanced) (Then IIT-JEE). On 2012 The AIEEE was modified to JEE(Main) and IIT-JEE to JEE(Advanced) [obviously incorrect; AIEEE was ne'er used as screening take a look at for JEE; This became screening take a look at for JEE (advanced) solely on restructuring / renaming as JEE (main)].
• From Gregorian calendar month 2005, The Hindu newspaper crystal rectifier a campaign for reforming the IIT-JEE to scale back the work mania and to enhance the gender and socio-economic diversity. 2 potential solutions were projected - either a convergence between the screening take a look at and also the All Asian country Engineering test (AIEEE), or a two-tier examination whereby ranks from the primary tier is used for the needs of gaining admission to the NITs and different engineering faculties within the country.
• In Sept 2005, Associate in Nursing analysis cluster of administrators of all the IITs proclaimed major reforms to the examination. These were enforced from 2006 ahead. The revised take a look at consisted of one objective take a look at, substitution the sooner two-test system. so as to be eligible for the most examination, candidates within the general class had to secure a minimum of hour collective marks within the qualifying examination of the XIIth normal organized by numerous academic boards of Asian country, whereas candidates happiness to regular Caste (SC), regular Tribe (ST) and Physically Disabled (PD) classes should secure a minimum of fifty fifth.
• From 2006, the screening communicating was abolished with the introduction of eight new IITs. The communicating became absolutely objective [obviously incorrect statement; new IITs started in 2008, screening communicating was removed and single stage multiple-choice communicating started in 2006].
• In 2008, the Director and also the Dean of IIT Madras entailed revisions to the examination, argument that the work institutes were "enabling several among the less-than-best students to crack the take a look at and keeping women from qualifying". They expressed concern that this system didn't yield applicants' twelve years of schooling to possess an impact on admissions into IITs.
• In 2008, the Indian Institutes of Technology, for the primary time, went overseas with their test as they started a centre for the competitive take a look at in city. the quantity of candidates showing in city hovered around two hundred to 220.
• The two-tier reform steered in 2005 might become a reality because the Indian government has proclaimed plans for one test for all engineering faculties from 2018, with students aspiring for the IITs having to pass the nationwide common entrance take a look at (JEE-Main) with high marks so take the JEE-Advanced to qualify for the IITs.
• From 2018, JEE(Advanced) started being conducted on-line.

JEE Main has 2 papers, Paper-1 and Paper-2. Candidates might choose either or each of them. each papers contain multiple alternative queries. Paper one is for admission to B.E./B.Tech courses and is conducted in each on-line and offline modes. Paper-2 is for admission in B.Arch and B.Planning courses and is conducted offline solely.

JEE Main, in contrast to JEE Advanced, contains a mounted communication structure and isn't subject to vary per annum. Paper-1 is of 3 hours period and consists of thirty multiple-choice (single-correct) queries in every of the 3 subjects (physics, chemistry, and maths). there's negative marking for incorrect answers. four marks are awarded for proper answers and one mark is subtracted for incorrect answers.

From 2013 to 2016, the marks obtained within the category XII board examination accustomed be accorded a four-hundredth weightage decide the JEE Main all Republic of India ranks.

From 2017, CBSE created Aadhar card obligatory for college kids applying for JEE. Students not having the cardboard were asked to register for it before applying for JEE.

Joint test (JEE) is associate degree engineering test conducted for admission to varied engineering faculties in Republic of India. it's well-grooved by 2 completely different examinations - JEE Main and also the JEE Advanced. The exams are of the target pattern. JEE Advanced is regarded internationally joined of the foremost difficult collegian admission tests.

In 2012, the government-run Central Board of educational activity (CBSE) that earlier conducted the AIEEE, proclaimed the JEE that replaced the AIEEE and IIT-JEE. The JEE-Main, that replaces AIEEE, is for admission to the National Institutes of Technology (NITs), Indian Institutes of data Technology (IIITs), and a few alternative faculties selected as "centrally funded technical institutes" (CFTIs) The JEE-Advanced, that replaces IIT-JEE, is for admission to the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs). solely the scholars chosen in JEE Mains are eligible for showing in JEE Advanced. About 2,24,000 high students are chosen from 2018.

There are some institutes just like the Indian Institutes of Science Education and analysis (IISERs), Rajiv Gandhi Institute of fossil fuel Technology, and also the Indian Institute of Science that use the score obtained in JEE Advanced because the basis for admission. These don't seem to be taking part institutes of central IIT JEE Advanced message of that all IITs ar members. Any student UN agency takes admission to IITs cannot seem for the JEE-Advanced communication within the next year, however identical isn't the case with IISc, IISER, RGIPT and alternative institutes as these institutes solely use JEE Advanced score for admission.

In Sept 2013, the IIT Council approved the choice of the Joint Admission Board to continue with the two-phase JEE pattern ("Main" followed by "Advanced") for IITs in 2014. Joint Seat Allocation Authority (JoSAA) conducted the joint admission method for a complete of twenty three IITs, ISM, 32 Nits, eighteen III Ts and nineteen alternative Government funded Technical Institutes (GFTIs).

As per the reports from Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) of presidency of Republic of India, the govt is considering to conduct just one common engineering entrance check supported the lines of NEET for all engineering faculties, together with personal establishments, across Republic of India.

List of IIT JEE Toppers:-

YEAR                 Name of Topper

1966                  Sunil Singhal

1967

1968

1969

1970

1971                  Vivek Borkar

1972

1973                  Narendra Karmarkar

1974

1975                  Rajeev Rohatgi

1976

1977

1978                  Aneesh Vasanth Manohar

1979                  Joy Thomas

1980                  Pandurang Nayak

1981                  Sanjeeva Prasad

1982                  Sunil Arya

1983                  R S Sundaresh

1984                  Navin Budhiraja

1985                  Vineet Gupta

1986                  Sanjeev Arora

1987                  Rajesh Gopakumar

1988                  A Raghava Chari

1989                  Vineet Buch

1990                  Ashish Goel

1991                  Rina Panigrahy

1992                  Anil Kumar Ruia

1993                  Prasoon Kumar

1994             Munagala V Kameshwar

1995                  Subhash Khot

1996                  Prasanna Ganeshan

1997                  Arvind Saraf

1998                  Abhinav Kumar

1999                  Vineet Goel

2000                  Nitin Gupta

2001                  Arvind Thiagarajan

2002                  Dungara Ram Choudhary

2003                  Shashank Shekhar Dwivedi

2004                  Sushant Sachdeva

2005                  Piyush Srivastava

2006                  Raghu Mahajan

2007                  Achin Bansal

2008                  Shitikanth Kashyap

2009                  Nitin Jain

2010                  Anumula Jithendar Reddy

2011                  Immadi Purudhvi Tej

2012                  Arpit Agrawal

2013                  Pallerla Saisandeep Reddy

2014                  Chitrang Murdia

2015                  Satvat Jagwani

2016                  Aman Bansal

2017                  Sarvesh Mehtani

2018

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Nalanda University

Nalanda was associate degree acclaimed Mahavihara, an oversized Buddhist cloister within the ancient kingdom of Magadha (modern-day Bihar) in Asian nation. the positioning is found concerning ninety five kilometres southeast of Patna close to the city of province Sharif, and was a centre of learning from the seventh century BCE. it’s a United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization World Heritage website.

The extremely formalized strategies of religious text learning helped inspire the institution of huge teaching establishments like Taxila, Nalanda, and Vikramashila that square measure usually characterized as India’s early universities. Nalanda flourished below the patronage of the Gupta Empire within the fifth and sixth centuries and later below Harsha, the emperor of Kannauj. The liberal cultural traditions familial from the Gupta age resulted in an exceedingly amount of growth and prosperity till the ninth century. the next centuries were a time of gradual decline, a amount throughout that the Tantrik developments of Buddhism became most pronounced in japanese Asian nation below the Pala Empire.

At its peak, the varsity attracted students and students from close to and much with some motion all the method from Tibet, China, Korea, and Central Asia. archeological proof additionally notes contact with the Shailendra sept of country, one amongst whose kings designed a cloister within the advanced.

Much of our information of Nalanda comes from the writings of pilgrim monks from East Asia like Xuanzang and Yijing World Health Organization traveled to the Mahavihara within the seventh century. Vincent Smith remarked that “a elaborated history of Nalanda would be a history of adherent Buddhism”. several of the names listed by Xuanzang in his travelog as product of Nalanda square measure the names of these World Health Organization developed the philosophy of Mahayana. All students at Nalanda studied Mahayana similarly because the texts of the eighteen (Hinayana) sects of Buddhism. Their course of study additionally enclosed different subjects like the Vedas, logic, Indic descriptive linguistics, medication and Samkhya.

Nalanda was terribly doubtless empty and destroyed by a military of the Muslim Mamluk sept below Bakhtiyar Khilji in 1200 Ce. whereas some sources note that the Mahavihara continued  to operate in an exceedingly makeshift fashion for a short time longer, it had been eventually abandoned and forgotten till the nineteenth century once the positioning was surveyed and preliminary excavations were conducted by the archeological Survey of Asian nation. Systematic excavations commenced in 1915 that unearthed eleven monasteries and 6 brick temples showing neatness organized on grounds twelve hectares (30 acres) in space. A treasure of sculptures, coins, seals, and inscriptions have additionally been discovered within the ruins several of that square measure on show within the Nalanda archeological repository settled near . Nalanda is currently a notable traveler destination and a locality of the Buddhist business enterprise circuit.

Early history

A sculpture of religious mystic at Nalanda in 1895. Nalanda was an initio a prosperous village by a significant trade route that ran through the near  town of Rajagriha (modern Rajgir) that was then the capital of Magadha. it’s aforesaid that the faith thirthankara, Mahavira, spent fourteen rainy seasons at Nalanda. religious mystic too is alleged to own delivered lectures in a very near  mango grove named Pavarika and one among his 2 chief disciples, Shariputra, was born within the space and later earned nirvana there. This ancient association with Mahavira and Buddha tenuously dates the existence of the village to a minimum of the 5th–6th century BCE.

Not a lot of is thought of Nalanda within the centuries thence. Taranatha, the 17th-century Tibetan Lama, states that the 3rd-century BCE Mauryan and Buddhist emperor, Ashoka, designed a good temple at Nalanda at the location of Shariputra’s chaitya. He additionally places 3rd-century atomic number 58 luminaries like the Mahayana thinker, Nagarjuna, and his adherent, Aryadeva, at Nalanda with the previous additionally heading the establishment. Taranatha additionally mentions a up to date of Nagarjuna named Suvishnu building 108 temples at the situation. whereas this might imply that there was a flourishing centre for Buddhism at Nalanda before the third century, no archaeologic proof has been unearthed to support the assertion. once Faxian, Associate in Nursing early Chinese Buddhist pilgrim to Asian country, visited Nalo, the location of Shariputra’s parinirvana, at the flip of the fifth century atomic number 58, all he found price mentioning was a stupa.

Nalanda in the Gupta era

Rear read of the ruins of the Baladitya Temple in 1872. Nalanda’s dated history begins below the Gupta Empire[19] and a seal identifies a monarch named Shakraditya as its founder. each Xuanzang and a Korean pilgrim named Prajnyavarman attribute the muse of a sangharama  at the location to him. Shakraditya is known with the 5th-century Ce Gupta emperor, Kumaragupta I , whose coin has been discovered at Nalanda. His successors, Buddhagupta, Tathagatagupta, Baladitya, and Vajra, later extended and expanded  the establishment by building extra monasteries and temples.

The Guptas were historically a Brahmanical family line. Narasimhagupta (Baladitya) but, was noted below the influence of the adherent thinker, Vasubandhu. He engineered a sangharama at Nalanda and conjointly a three hundred foot (91 m) high vihara with a Buddha sculpture inside that, consistent with Xuanzang, resembled the “great Vihara engineered below the Bodhi tree”. The Chinese monk conjointly noted that Baladitya’s son, Vajra, WHO commissioned a sangharama yet, “possessed a heart firm in faith”.

Historical figures related to Nalanda

Traditional sources state that Nalanda was visited by each Mahavira and also the Buddha in c. sixth and fifth century BCE. it’s additionally the place of birth and nirvana of Shariputra, one in all the notable disciples of Buddha.

Aryabhata
Aryadeva, student of Nagarjuna
Atisha, Mahayana and Vajrayana scholar
Chandrakirti, student of Nagarjuna
Dharmakirti, logician
Dharmapala
Dignaga, founding father of Buddhist Logic
Nagarjuna, formaliser of the thought of Shunyata
Naropa, student of Tilopa and teacher of Marpa
Shilabhadra, the teacher of Xuanzang
Xuanzang, Chinese Buddhist traveler
Yijing, Chinese Buddhist traveler

Decline and finish

The decline of Nalanda is concomitant with the disappearance of Buddhism in India. once Xuanzang traveled the length and breadth of India within the seventh century, he discovered that his faith was in slow decay and even had ominous premonitions of Nalanda’s forthcoming death. Buddhism had steady lost quality with the people and thrived, due to royal patronage, solely within the monasteries of state and geographical area. By the time of the dak, the standard Mahayana and Hinayana sorts of Buddhism were imbued with Tantrik practices involving secret rituals and magic. the increase of Hindu philosophies within the landmass and also the waning of the Buddhist Pala family once the eleventh century meant that Buddhism was hemmed in on multiple fronts, political, philosophical, and moral. the ultimate blow was delivered once its still-flourishing monasteries, the last visible symbols of its existence in India, were overrun throughout the Muslim invasion that sweptwing across Northern India at the flip of the thirteenth century.

In around 1200 metal, Bakhtiyar Khilji, a Turkic chieftain bent on create a reputation for himself, was within the service of a commander in Awadh. The Persian student, Minhaj-i-Siraj in his Tabaqat-i Nasiri, recorded his deeds a number of decades later. Khilji was allotted 2 villages on the border of state that had become a political no-man’s land. Sensing a chance, he began a series of plundering raids into state and was recognised and rewarded for his efforts by his superiors. Emboldened, Khilji set to attack a fort in state and was ready to with success capture it, plundering it of an excellent swag. Minhaj-i-Siraj wrote of this attack.

Muhammad-i-Bakht-yar, by the force of his courage, threw himself into the gate of the entrance of the place, and that they captured the defence, and purchased nice swag. The larger variety of the inhabitants of that place were Brahmans, and also the whole of these Brahmans had their heads shaven; and that they were all slain. there have been an excellent variety of books there; and, once of these books came underneath the observation of the Musalmans, they summoned variety of Hindus that they could provide them info respecting the import of these books; however the full of the Hindus had been killed. On changing into familiar with [with the contents of these books], it had been found that the full of that defence and town was a university, and within the Hindui tongue, they decision a university state.

The End of the Buddhist Monks,  from Hutchinson’s Story of the Nations depicts Khilji making an attempt to form sense of a manuscript.
This passage refers to Associate in Nursing attack on a Buddhist cloister the “Bihar”  and its monks (the smooth-shaven Brahmans). the precise date of this event isn’t acknowledged with academic estimates starting from 1197 to 1206. whereas several historians believe that this cloister that was mistaken for a fort was Odantapura, some area unit of the opinion that it had been Nalanda itself. However, considering that these 2 Mahaviharas were solely a number of kilometres apart, each terribly possible befell an identical fate. the opposite nice Mahaviharas of the age like Vikramshila and later, Jagaddala, additionally met their ends at the hands of the Turks at round the same time.
Another important account of the times is the biography of the Tibetan monk-pilgrim, Dharmasvamin, who journeyed to India between 1234 and 1236. When he visited Nalanda in 1235, he found it still surviving, but a ghost of its past existence. Most of the buildings had been damaged by the Muslims and had since fallen into disrepair. But two viharas, which he named Dhanaba and Ghunaba, were still in serviceable condition with a 90-year-old teacher named Rahula Shribhadra instructing a class of about 70 students on the premises. Dharmasvamin believed that the Mahavihara had not been completely destroyed for superstitious reasons as one of the soldiers who had participated in the desecration of a Jnananatha temple in the complex had immediately fallen ill.

While he stayed there for six months under the tutelage of Rahula Shribhadra, Dharmasvamin makes no mention of the legendary library of Nalanda which possibly did not survive the initial wave of Turkic attacks. He, however, provides an eyewitness account of an attack on the derelict Mahavihara by the Muslim soldiers stationed at nearby Odantapura (now Bihar Sharif) which had been turned into a military headquarters. Only the Tibetan and his nonagenarian instructor stayed behind and hid themselves while the rest of the monks fled Nalanda. Contemporary sources end at this point. But traditional Tibetan works which were written much later suggest that Nalanda’s story might have managed to endure for a while longer even if the institution was only a pale shadow of its former glory. The Lama, Taranatha, states that the whole of Magadha fell to the Turks who destroyed many monasteries including Nalanda which suffered heavy damage. He however also notes that a king of Bengal named Chagalaraja and his queen later patronised Nalanda in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, although no major work was done there.

An 18th-century work named Pag sam jon zang recounts another Tibetan legend which states that chaityas and viharas at Nalanda were repaired once again by a Buddhist sage named Mudita Bhadra and that Kukutasiddha, a minister of the reigning king, erected a temple there. A story goes that when the structure was being inaugurated, two indignant (Brahmanical) Tirthika mendicants who had appeared there were treated with disdain by some young novice monks who threw washing water at them. In retaliation, the mendicants performed a 12-year penance propitiating the sun, at the end of which they performed a fire-sacrifice and threw “living embers” from the sacrificial pit into the Buddhist temples. The resulting conflagration is said to have hit Nalanda’s library. Fortunately, a miraculous stream of water gushed forth from holy manuscripts in the ninth story of Ratnodadhi which enabled many manuscripts to be saved. The heretics perished in the very fire that they had kindled.[9]:208[12]:343[16]:15 While it is unknown when this event was supposed to have occurred, archaeological evidence (including a small heap of burnt rice) does suggest that a large fire did consume a number of structures in the complex on more than one occasion. A stone inscription notes the destruction by fire and subsequent restoration at the Mahavihara during the reign of Mahipala.

The last throne-holder of Nalanda, Shakyashribhadra, fled to Tibet in 1204 at the invitation of the Tibetan translator Tropu Lotsawa. In Tibet, he started an ordination lineage of the Mulasarvastivada lineage to complement the two existing ones.

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Madhubani Painting

Madhubani – Mithila Painting (also known as Madhubani art or Mithila painting) is practiced within the Mithila region of Republic of India and Kingdom of Nepal. Painting is finished with fingers, twigs, brushes, nib-pens, and matchsticks, victimization natural dyes and pigments, and is characterised by obvious geometrical patterns. there’s ritual content for explicit occasions, like birth or wedding, and festivals, like Holi, Surya Shasti, Kali Puja, Upanayana, Durga Puja.

Madhubani painting originated in a very tiny village, called Maithili, of the province state of Republic of India. Initially, the womenfolk of the village John Drew the paintings on the walls of their home, as associate illustration of their thoughts, hopes and dreams. With time, the paintings started turning into an area of festivities and special events, like wedding. Slowly and step by step, the Madhubani painting of Republic of India crossed the standard boundaries and began reaching connoisseurs of art, each at the national further because the international level.

The traditional base of freshly plastered mud wall of huts has currently been replaced by material, handwoven paper and canvas. Since the paintings are confined to a restricted geographical vary, the themes further because the vogue are, a lot of or less, the same. Indian Maithili paintings create use of three-dimensional pictures and therefore the colors that are used as derived principally from plants. The themes on that these paintings are based mostly embody nature and mythological events. the primary respect to the Maithili painting of province dates back to the time of Ramayana, once King Janaka ordered the paintings to be created for his girl, Sita’s, wedding.

Themes of Maithili Paintings

Themes of the Maithili painting of province revolve around Hindu deities like avatar, Rama, Lakshmi, Shiva, Durga and Saraswati. The natural themes that ar used embody the Sun, the Moon and therefore the spiritual plants like tulsi. One may also realize paintings supported scenes from the royal courts and social events, like weddings. If any empty house is left when painting the most theme, it’s stuffed up with the motifs of flowers, animals and birds or geometric styles.

Making Madhubani Paintings

The brush used for Madhubani paintings of province was manufactured from cotton, wrapped around a bamboo stick. The artists prepare the colours that ar used for the paintings. Black color is created by adding soot to cow dung; yellow from combining turmeric (or spore or lime) with the milk of banyan leaves; blue from indigo; red from the kusam flower juice or red sandalwood; inexperienced from the leaves of the wood apple tree; white from rice powder and orange from palasha flowers. there’s no shading within the application of colours. A double line is drawn for outlines and therefore the gap is stuffed with either cross or straight small lines. The linear Maithili paintings don’t even need application of colors; solely the outlines are drawn.

About Madhubani Paintings

It’s no new finding that paintings and art usually replicate the culture and tradition of the place from that they originate. they have an inclination to be a mirrored image of the days within which the art was created. seldom will AN ancient kind become a mirrored image of contemporary times and problems. nonetheless a drive on route fifty two of the Madhubani district or Ranti village in province can tell you ways Madhubani art that originated regarding 2500 years past continues to be much thriving. Not solely that, it’s managed to save lots of a complete forest and place the spotlight on some terribly pressing women’s issues! Take a glance at the history of Madhubani paintings and the way they need evolved over the years.

The history of Madhubani paintings

A 2500-year-old genre, the history of Madhubani paintings is claimed so far back to the time of Sanskrit literature, once king Janaka asked a creative person to capture his girl Sita’s wedding to aristocrat avatar. These paintings were typically created by ladies on walls and floors of homes throughout festivals, ceremonies or special occasions. Having originated within the Mithila region in province, this kind of painting, conjointly referred to as Mithila art, has been in observe in areas around province and Asian nation.

Madhubani Paintings Styles

Madhubani art has 5 distinctive designs, namely, Bharni, Katchni, Tantrik, godna and kohbar. within the Nineteen Sixties Bharni, Kachni and Buddhism vogue were principally done by Brahman and Kayashth ladies, United Nations agency area unit ‘upper caste’ ladies in Asian country and Asian country. Their themes were principally non secular and that they pictured Gods and Goddesses, flora and fauna in their paintings. folks of lower castes includes aspects of their everyday life and symbols, story of Raja Shailesh [ guard of village] and far additional, in their paintings. however these days Madhubani art has become a globalised kind thus there’s no distinction within the work of artists of the region on the idea of class structure . they’re operating all told 5 designs. Madhubani art received international and national attention.

Madhubani Painting Origins

Madhubani painting/Mithila painting was historically created by the ladies of the Brahman, Dusadh and Kayastha communities in Mithila region in India. It originated from Mithila region and Madhubani district of Bihar became the main export centre of those paintings, hence, it’s popularly known as Mithila painting or Madhubani painting. This painting as a sort of wall art was practiced wide throughout the region; the newer development of painting on paper and canvas primarily originated among the villages around Madhubani, and it’s these latter developments light-emitting diode to the name Madhubani art being employed aboard the name “Mithila Painting.”

The painting was historically done on freshly plastered mud walls and floors of huts, however currently they’re conjointly done on textile, handwoven paper and canvas. Madhubani paintings area unit made of the paste of fine-grained rice. Madhubani painting has remained confined to a compact geographical region and therefore the skills are passed on through centuries, the content and therefore the vogue have for the most part remained a similar. which is that the reason for Madhubani painting being accorded the desirable GI (Geographical Indication) standing. Madhubani paintings conjointly use 2 dimensional mental imagery, and therefore the colors used area unit derived from plants. Ocher and C are used for burnt sienna and black severally.

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Maurya Empire

The Maurya Empire was a geographically in depth Iron Age historical power supported by Chandragupta Maurya that dominated ancient India between 322 BCE and 187 BCE. Extending into the dominion of Magadha within the Indo-Gangetic Plain within the Japanese facet of the Indian landmass, the empire had its capital town at Pataliputra (modern Patna). The empire was the biggest to possess ever existed within the Indian landmass, spanning over 5 million sq. kilometers (1.9 million sq. miles) at its celestial point beneath Ashoka.

Chandragupta Maurya raised a military and with the help of Chanakya (also called Kauṭilya), overthrew the Nanda Empire in c. 322 BCE and speedily dilated his power westward across central and western India, taking advantage of the disruptions caused by the withdrawal westward of Alexander the Great’s armies. By 317 BCE the empire had absolutely occupied Northwestern India, defeating and subjection the satraps left by Alexander. Chandragupta then defeated the invasion junction rectifier by Seleucus I, a Macedonian general from Alexander’s army, gaining extra territory west of the Indus.

The Maurya Empire was one among the biggest empires of the planet in its time. At its greatest extent, the empire stretched to the north on the natural boundaries of the range, to the east into Assam, to the west into Baluchistan (southwest West Pakistan and southeast Iran) and also the mountain chain mountains of what’s currently Asian country. The Empire was dilated into India’s central and southern regions by the emperors Chandragupta and Bindusara, however it excluded Kalinga (modern Odisha), till it had been conquered by Ashoka. It declined for regarding fifty years once Ashoka’s rule over, and it dissolved in 185 BCE with the inspiration of the Shunga Sept in Magadha.

Under Chandragupta Maurya and his successors, internal and external trade, agriculture, and economic activities all thrived and dilated across Republic of India due to the creation of one and economical system of finance, administration, and security. once the Kalinga War, the Empire practiced nearly 0.5 a century of peace and security below Ashoka. Mauryan Republic of India additionally enjoyed associate degree era of social harmony, spiritual transformation, and growth of the sciences and of information. Chandragupta Maurya’s embrace of Jainism enhanced social and non secular renewal and reform across his society, whereas Ashoka’s embrace of Buddhism has been same to possess been the muse of the reign of social and political peace and non-violence across all of Republic of India. Ashoka sponsored the spreading of Buddhist missionaries into land, geographic region, West Asia, North Africa, and Mediterranean Europe.

The population of the empire has been calculable to be concerning 50–60 million, creating the Mauryan Empire one in all the foremost inhabited empires of Antiquity. Archaeologically, the amount of Mauryan rule South Asia falls into the age of Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW). The Arthashastra and also the Edicts of Ashoka area unit the first sources of written records of Mauryan times. The Lion Capital of Ashoka at Sarnath has been created the national emblem of Republic of India.

Chandragupta Maurya and Chanakya

The Maurya Empire was supported by Chandragupta Maurya, with facilitate from Chanakya, at Takshashila. in step with many legends, Chanakya cosmopolitan to Magadha, a kingdom that was massive and militarily powerful and feared by its neighbors, however was affronted by its king Dhana Nanda, of the Nanda phratry. Chanakya swore revenge and vowed to destroy the Nanda Empire. Meanwhile, the gaining control armies of Alexander the nice refused to cross the Beas stream and advance additional eastward, deterred by the prospect of battling Magadha. Alexander came back to urban center and re-deployed most of his troops west of the Indus River. shortly once Alexander died in urban center in 323 BCE, his empire fragmented into freelance kingdoms LED by his generals.

The Greek generals Eudemus and Peithon dominated within the Indus depression till around 317 BCE, once Chandragupta Maurya (with the assistance of Chanakya, World Health Organization was currently his advisor) musical organization a rebellion to drive out the Greek governors, and later on brought the Indus depression beneath the management of his new seat of power in Magadha.

Chandragupta Maurya’s rise to power is shrouded in mystery and conflict. On one hand, variety of ancient Indian accounts, like the drama Mudrarakshasa (Poem of Rakshasa – Rakshasa was the prime minister of Magadha) by Vishakhadatta, describe his royal ancestry and even link him with the Nanda family. A Hindoo tribe referred to as the Maurya’s square measure remarked within the earliest Buddhist texts, Mahaparinibbana Sutta. However, any conclusions square measure laborious to form while not additional historical proof. Chandragupta 1st emerges in Greek accounts as “Sandrokottos”. As a young man he’s same to own met Alexander. he’s conjointly same to own met the Nanda king, enraged him, and created a accomplishment. Chanakya’s original intentions were to coach a guerilla army beneath Chandragupta’s command.

Conquest of Magadha

Chanakya inspired Chandragupta Maurya and his army to require over the throne of Magadha. exploitation his intelligence network, Chandragupta gathered several young men from across Magadha and alternative provinces, men upset over the corrupt and oppressive rule of king Dhana Nanda, and the resources necessary for his army to fight a protracted series of battles. These men enclosed the previous general of Taxila, accomplished students of Chanakya, the representative of King Parvataka, his son Malayaketu, and therefore the rulers of little states. The Macedonians (described as Yona or Yavana in Indian sources) might then have participated, beside alternative teams, within the armed struggle of Chandragupta Maurya against the Nanda phratry. The Mudrarakshasa of Visakhadutta moreover because the Jaina work Parisishtaparvan verbalise Chandragupta’s alliance with the mountain chain king Parvataka, typically known with Porus, though this identification isn’t accepted by all historians. This mountain chain alliance gave Chandragupta a composite and powerful army created of Yavanas (Greeks), Kambojas, Shakas (Scythians), Kiratas (Himalayans), Parasikas (Persians) and Bahlikas (Bactrians) World Health Organization took Pataliputra (also known as Kusumapura, “The town of Flowers”):

“Kusumapura was enclosed from each direction by the forces of Parvata and Chandragupta: Shakas, Yavanas, Kiratas, Kambojas, Parasikas, Bahlikas et al., assembled on the recommendation of Chanakya” in Mudrarakshasa a pair of

Preparing to invade Pataliputra, Maurya came up with a technique. A battle was proclaimed and therefore the Sanskritic language army was drawn from the town to a remote field of honor to interact with Maurya’s forces. Maurya’s general and spies in the meantime bribed the corrupt general of Nanda. He additionally managed to form an environment of war within the kingdom, that culminated within the death of the heir to the throne. Chanakya managed to persuade well-liked sentiment. Ultimately Nanda resigned, handing power to Chandragupta, and went into exile and was ne’er detected of once more. Chanakya contacted the prime minister, Rakshasas, and created him perceive that his loyalty was to Magadha, to not the Nanda phratry, demand that he continue in workplace. Chanakya additionally reiterated that selecting to resist would begin a war that may severely have an effect on Magadha and destroy the town. Rakshasa accepted Chanakya’s reasoning, and Chandragupta Maurya was licitly put in because the new King of Magadha. Rakshasa became Chandragupta’s chief authority, associate degreed Chanakya assumed the position of an elder politician.

Chandragupta Maurya

Chandragupta campaigned against the Macedonians once Seleucus Nicator, within the method of making the Seleucid Empire out of the japanese conquests of Alexander the good, tried to recapture the northwestern components of Asian nation in 305 BCE. general unsuccessful (Seleucid–Mauryan war), the 2 rulers finally all over a peace accord: a matrimonial treaty (Epigamia) was all over, within which the Greeks offered their blue blood for alliance and facilitate from him. Chandragupta snatched the satrapies of Paropamisade (Kamboja and Gandhara), Arachosia (Kandhahar) and Gedrosia (Balochistan), and Seleucus Nicator received five hundred war elephants that were to possess a decisive role in his finish against western Hellenic kings at the Battle of pitched battle in 301 BCE. Diplomatic relations were established and several other Greeks, like the scholarly person Megasthenes, Deimakos and Dionysius resided at the Mauryan court.

Chandragupta established a powerful centralized state with Associate in Nursing administration at Pataliputra, which, in line with Megasthenes, was “surrounded by a wood wall perforate by sixty four gates and 570 towers”. Aelian, though not expressly quoting Megasthenes nor mentionning Pataliputra, represented Indian palaces as superior in splendor to Persia’s metropolis or Ectabana. The design of town appears to possess had several similarities with Persian cities of the amount.

Chandragupta’s son Bindusara extended the rule of the Mauryan empire towards southern Asian nation. The notable Tamil writer Mamulanar of the Sangam literature represented however the Deccan upland was invaded by the Maurya army. He additionally had a Greek ambassador at his court, named Megasthenes.

Megasthenes describes a disciplined multitude below Chandragupta, WHO live merely, honestly, and don’t apprehend writing:

“The Indians all live frugally, particularly once in camp. They dislike a good undisciplined multitude, and consequently they observe smart order. larceny is of terribly rare prevalence. Megasthenes says that people who were within the camp of Sandrakottos, whereby lay four hundred,000 men, found that the thefts rumored on anyone day failed to exceed the worth of 200 drachmae, and this among people WHO don’t have any written laws, however area unit unaware of writing, and should thus all told the business of life trust to memory. They live, nonetheless, gayly enough, being easy in their manners and stinting. They ne’er drink wine except at sacrifices. Their drink could be a liquor composed from rice rather than barley, and their food is in the main a rice-pottage.”

Bindusara

Bindusara was the son of the primary Mauryan emperor Chandragupta Maurya and his queen Durdhara. throughout his reign, the empire expanded  southward. in keeping with the Rajavalikatha, a faith work, the initial name of this emperor was Simhasena. in keeping with a legend mentioned within the faith texts, Chandragupta’s Guru and adviser Chanakya accustomed feed the emperor tiny doses of poison along with his food to make his immunity against potential assassination tries by his enemies. One day, Chandragupta, not knowing concerning the poison, shared his food along with his pregnant partner, United Nations agency was seven days off from delivery. The queen folded and died at intervals jiffy. Chanakya entered the area at the terribly moment she folded, and, so as to save lots of the kid within the female internal reproductive organ, he like a shot cut open the dead queen’s belly and took the baby out. By that point a drop of poison had already reached the baby and touched its head, as a result of that the kid got a permanent chromatic spot (a “bindu”) on his forehead. Thus, the newborn was named “Bindusara”.

Bindusara, simply twenty two years recent, transmitted an oversized empire that consisted of what’s currently, Northern, Central and japanese components of India along side components of Islamic State of Afghanistan and Baluchistan. Bindusara extended this empire to the southern a part of India, as way as what’s currently referred to as Mysore. He brought sixteen states below the Mauryan Empire and so conquered most of the Indian earth (he is alleged to own conquered the ‘land between the 2 seas’ – the ground region between the Bay of geographic region and also the Arabian Sea). Bindusara did not conquer the friendly Tamil kingdoms of the Cholas, dominated by King Ilamcetcenni, the Pandyas, and Cheras. with the exception of these southern states, Kalinga (modern Odisha) was the sole kingdom in India that did not type the a part of Bindusara’s empire. it absolutely was later conquered by his son Ashoka, United Nations agency served because the viceroy of Ujjaini throughout his father’s reign.

Bindusara’s life has not been documented similarly as that of his father Chandragupta or of his son Ashoka. Chanakya continuing to function prime minister throughout his reign. in keeping with the medieval Tibetan scholar Taranatha United Nations agency visited India, Chanakya helped Bindusara “to destroy the nobles and kings of the sixteen kingdoms and so to become absolute master of the territory between the japanese and western oceans.”  throughout his rule, the voters of Taxila revolted double. the explanation for the primary revolt was the maladministration of Susima, his eldest son. the explanation for the second revolt is unknown, however Bindusara couldn’t suppress it in his time period. it absolutely was crushed by Ashoka when Bindusara’s death.

Ashoka

As a young patrician, Ashoka  was an excellent commander UN agency crushed revolts in Ujjain and Takshashila. As monarch he was formidable and aggressive, re-asserting the Empire’s superiority in southern and western Asian nation. however it had been his conquest of Kalinga (262–261 BCE) that proven to be the polar event of his life. though Ashoka’s army succeeded in overwhelming Kalinga forces of royal troopers and civilian units, associate calculable one hundred,000 troopers and civilians were killed within the furious warfare, together with over ten,000 of Ashoka’s own men. many thousands of individuals were adversely tormented by the destruction and fallout of war. once he in person witnessed the devastation, Ashoka began feeling regret. though the annexation of Kalinga was completed, Ashoka embraced the teachings of Buddhism, and renounced war and violence. He sent out missionaries to travel around Asia and unfold Buddhism to different countries.

Ashoka enforced principles of creed by forbiddance looking and violent sports activity and ending unfree and compelled labor (many thousands of individuals in war-ravaged Kalinga had been forced into laborious labour and servitude). whereas he maintained an oversized and powerful army, to stay the peace and maintain authority, Ashoka distended friendly relations with states across Asia and Europe, and he sponsored Buddhist missions. He undertook a colossal construction building campaign across the country. Over forty years of peace, harmony and prosperity created Ashoka one in every of the foremost roaring and far-famed monarchs in Indian history. He remains associate idealised figure of inspiration in fashionable Asian nation.

The Edicts of Ashoka, set in stone, square measure found throughout the landmass. starting from as way west as Afghanistan and as way south as Andhra (Nellore District), Ashoka’s edicts state his policies and accomplishments. though preponderantly written in Prakrit, 2 of them were written in Greek, and one in each Greek and Aramaic. Ashoka’s edicts talk to the Greeks, Kambojas, and Gandharas as peoples forming a frontier region of his empire. They conjointly attest to Ashoka’s having sent envoys to the Greek rulers within the West as way because the Mediterranean. The edicts exactly name every of the rulers of the Hellenic world at the time like Amtiyoko (Antiochus), Tulamaya (Ptolemy), Amtikini (Antigonos), Maka (Magas) and Alikasudaro (Alexander) as recipients of Ashoka’s proselytism.The Edicts conjointly accurately find their territory “600 yojanas away” (a yojanas being concerning seven miles), equivalent to the space between the middle of Asian nation and Balkan nation (roughly four,000 miles)

Ambassadors from the Seleucid Empire (such as Deimachus) and Egypt visited his courts. He maintained sensible relations with the Hellenic World. Unlike his father Chandragupta (who at a later stage regenerate to Jainism), Bindusara believed within the Ajivika sect. Bindusara’s guru Pingalavatsa (Janasana) was a Brahminof the Ajivika sect. Bindusara’s partner, Queen Subhadrangi (Queen Aggamahesi) was a Brahmin conjointly of the Ajivika sect from Champa (present Bhagalpur district). Bindusara is attributable with giving many grants to Brahmin monasteries (Brahmana-bhatto). Bindusara died in 272 BCE (some records say 268 BCE) and was succeeded by his son Ashoka.

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